E Commerce And The Importance Of Encryption Computer Science Essay

E Commerce And The Importance Of Encryption Computer Science Essay Web-commerce has grown into one of the fastest-growing area of industry in the past two years. Billions of dollars have passed hands in the process and each entrepreneur wants a slice of the dough. To make this possible, data encryption plays a very central role in ensuring customers that paying for anything online is secure. E-commerce relies on encryption to secure data transmission by controlling data access and protect information on the internet and in the end improve consumer confidence. Encryption is the encoding of data using an algorithm such that it is incomprehensible to anyone in the event that the data transmission is intercepted, unless the key is known to enable file decryption. By implementing encryption, integrity is maintained while digital authentication is enforced, thus, allowing both customers and sellers to verify the identity of the other party, a concept fundamental to secure online credit card transactions. The reliability of an e-commerce website may be negatively impacted if theft of customer information occurs, especially risky since 90% of all online payments are dealt by credit cards. 4. Important of Encryption Cryptography is a method of mathematically encoding used to transform messages in to an unreadable format in an effort to maintain confidentiality of data. Cryptography comprises a family of technologies that include the following: Encryption transforms data into some unreadable form to ensure privacy. Decryption is reverse of encryption; it transforms encrypted data back into original, intelligible form. Authentication identifies an entity such as an individual, a machine on the network or an organization. Digital signatures blind a document to the possessor of a particular key and are the digital equivalent of paper signatures. Signature verification is the inverse of a digital signature; it verifies that a particular signature is valid. Application In order to enable secure online transaction, data encryption plays four important functions: Digital authentication which allows both the customers and the merchant to be sure that they are dealing with whom, the other party claims to be. These is absolutely necessary before sending credit card details to the seller and also allow sellers to verify that the customer is the real owner of the credit card being used. Integrity ensures that the messages received re not changed during transmission by any third party. Non-repudiation prevents customers or merchants denying they ever received or sent a particular message or order. In the event that information is intercepted, encryption ensures privacy that prevents third parties from reading and or using the information to their own advantage. Two methods of encryption network traffic on the web are SSL and S-HTTP. Secure Socket Layer (SSL) and its successor Transport Layer security (TLS) enable client and server computers to manage encryption and decryption activities as they communicate with each other during a secure web session. Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol (S-HTTP) is another protocol used for encrypting data flowing over the internet, but it is limited to individual messages, whereas SSL and TLS are designed to establish a secure connection between two computers. The capability to generate secure sessions is built into Internet client browser software and servers, and occurs automatically with little user intervention. The client and the server negotiate what key and what level of security to use. Once a secure session is established between the client and the server, all messages in that session are encrypted. There are two alternative methods of encryption: symmetric key encryption and public key encryption. In symmetric key encryption, the sender and the receiver establish a secure Internet session by creating a single encryption key and sending it to the receiver so both the sender and receiver share the same key. The strength of the encryption key is measured by its nit length. Today a typical key will be 128 bits long (a string of 128 binary digits). The problem with all symmetric encryption schemes is that the key itself must be shared somehow among the senders and receivers, which exposes the key to outsiders who might just be able to intercept and decrypt the key, A more secure form of encryption called public key encryption uses two keys: one shared (or public) and one totally private, as shown in Figure. The keys are mathematically related so that data encrypted with one key can be decrypted using only the other key. To send and receive messages, communicators first create separate pairs of private and public keys. The public key is kept in a directory and the private key must be kept secret. The sender encrypts a message with the recipientà ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾Ã‚ ¢s public key. On receiving the message the recipient uses his or her private key to decrypt it. Digital signatures and digital certificates further help with authentication. Benefits/Advantages Most corporations implement multiple forms of security by using hardware solutions such as routers and firewalls. These devices protect essential data by keeping external threats out of the network. Unfortunately, burglars will employ numerous attacks, specifically targeted at your information. When attackers find a way to enter your first line of defense, data encryption steps up and helps to ensure that your secrets cant be viewed. Encryption has changed significantly over the years, going from a military solution to widespread public use. Whether its hardware or software-based, this method is fast, easy to use and most important, secure. Here some of the key benefits this solution offers: Power: The best in data encryption is based on global standards, able to mitigate potential corruption without flaw. Many solutions are large enough to ensure that an entire organization is in full compliance with security policies. Data encryption allows a corporation to achieve military-level security with easy and affordable solutions. Flexibility: Data encryption can protect your sensitive information whether its stored on a desktop or laptop computer, a PDA, removable storage media, an email server or even the corporate network. This allows you to securely access important data from the office, on the road or at home. If the device is lost or stolen, the information will be protected by the data encryption mechanism. Transparency: It wouldnt be a good idea to employ any security measure that negatively impacts your business. An efficient data encryption solution enables your business to flow at a normal pace, silently securing crucial data in the background. Some of the best options are those running effectively without the user even being aware. There are many benefits of data encryption as this solution provides solid protection in the event of a security breach. Not only does it offer peace of mind, it also frees up resources normally used by your perimeter defenses. Every security measure you set in place is important yet inefficient if confidential data itself is not protected. Limitations Encryption is often oversold as the solution to all security problems or to threats that it does not address. Unfortunately, encryption offers no such protection. Encryption does nothing to protect against many common methods of attack including those that exploit bad default settings or vulnerabilities in network protocols or software even encryption software. In general, methods other than encryption are needed to keep out intruders. Secure Computing Corporations Sidewinder system defuses the forty-two bombs (security vulnerabilities) in Cheswick and Bellovins book, Firewalls and Network Security (Addison Wesley, 1994), without making use of any encryption. Conclusion

The Counterculture of the Amish: A Fundamentalist Perspective Essay

â€Å"They call themselves the Plain People. The men and women known as the Old Order Amish till their fields with horse and plow, travel by horse and buggy, and live without electricity or telephones† (Egenes xiii). In the technologically advanced and modern world we live in today, the word â€Å"plain† is extinct from contemporary culture. It is hard to imagine a life without the present-day conveniences that American society tends to take for granted on a daily basis. A world without telephones, electricity, computers and television is almost unfathomable in America, however, not to the Amish. This paper will be discussing how the Amish are a counterculture that oppose almost every aspect of the modern lifestyle of society in the United States, as well as develop a research proposal which will focus on crime in the Amish culture versus crime in American culture among teens. In order to begin to investigate this, it is important to have an understanding of the his tory of the Amish. The origin and migration, religious beliefs and practices, economic organization, family and community, as well as education are all important components to understanding the background of the Amish. The first Amish families arrived to America in the 1700s, in search of religious freedom, escaping persecution in Germany, Switzerland, and France (Egenes xiii). The families started in Pennsylvania, and after waves of immigration in the 1800s, Amish population eventually spread to 20 other states (Egenes xiii). Religion is a remarkably significant component of their society in which a member vows to live a life full of Christian principles and follow the rules of church and community until death (Egenes xiv). Baptism does not occur until later in teenage ye... ...t. Gaddy, C. Welton., and Barry W. Lynn. First Freedom First: A Citizen's Guide to Protecting Religious Liberty and the Separation of Church and State. Boston: Beacon, 2008. Print. McGahey, Richard, and Jennifer S. Vey. Retooling for Growth: Building a 21st Century Economy in America's Older Industrial Areas. Washington, D.C: Brookings Institution, 2008. Print. Misiroglu, Gina. "Amish." American Countercultures: An Encyclopedia of Nonconformists, Alternative Lifestyles, and Radical Ideas in U.S. History. Vol. Two. Armonk, NY: Sharpe Reference, 2009. 28-29. Print. Schwieder, Elmer, Dorothy Schwieder, and Thomas J. Morain. A Peculiar People: Iowa's Old Order Amish : An Expanded Edition. Iowa City: University of Iowa, 2009. Print. Walbert, David J. Garden Spot: Lancaster County, the Old Order Amish, and the Selling of Rural America. Oxford: Oxford UP, 2002. Print.

Blackwater: The Rise of the World’s Most Powerful Mercenary Army by Jeremy Scahill

The book under consideration, Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army, has been written by Jeremy Scahill. The author of this book has presented a very hard-left perception on Blackwater USA, which has proclaimed itself, to be a contractor of private military as well as a security firm.Blackwater USA, according to the author owes its subsistence, reduction of the U.S. armed forced after the Cold War and it owes it’s well-being to the addition in the number of these forces after the tragedy of 9/11 and it further owes it’s disrepute to the fact that it has gained a reputation of being a mercenary setup which has the tendency to finish off the limitations on the army systems that are accountable to state power. Main Theme of the BookIn his well-known book, Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army, the author Jeremy Scahill puts forward information about the Bush Administration as well as its rising reliance on private secur ity forces such as Blackwater USA in particular and the efforts in Congress so as to bring them in. Through his book, the author has exposed the truth behind Blackwater the mercenary firm and the dangers that it brings about because of the outsourcing the government’s domination that it has on the use of force over people.The author of the book has described the growth of Blackwater, since the very beginning with respect to its organizational and instructional functions to what has now turned into a battle position serving as an interior security force in Iraq. In the words of the author, â€Å"Meet Blackwater USA, the powerful private army that the U. S. government has quietly hired to operate in international war zones and on American soil. This is the unauthorized story of the epic rise of one of the most powerful and secretive forces to emerge from the U. S. military-industrial complex† (Scahill, front cover).The book puts forward citations from representatives of the company according to whom Blackwater has the capacity to become so large that it can readily supply brigade-sized forces for civilized reasons, such as matters of maintaining peace as well as low-level disagreements. At the same time as placing emphasis on the likelihood of an a very daring President, who had the courage to take up the services of the mercenaries of Blackwater clandestinely, the author underrates the consequence of exposure on the deniability that he considers as crucial for happenings like these.Debatably, he also negates and that too in a very light manner the image of Blackwater which has now come down to a sort of reputable successor to a long and praiseworthy custom of indenture soldiering. Eventually, Blackwater as well as its other less famous equivalents flourish not just because of a neoconservative plot in opposition to the democratic system, as the author pronounces, but for the reason that they present comparatively low-priced substitutes and options in surroundings that have higher budgets as well as litheness at a time when war is progressively more erratic.The book presents to us the truth about Blackwater as well as its actions along with information about its rise as well as an account of the streets of Fallujah, to the bloodshed taking place in Najaf as well as the US gulf wrecked with storms and Washington DC, where higher authorities of Blackwater continue to be considered heroes fighting the war on terror. The book says that the resistance of the Iraqi people is perhaps the fault of the American soldiers themselves. According to the book, â€Å"the ensuing slaughter by U. S. troops would fuel the fierce Iraqi resistance that haunts occupation forces to this day† (Scahill, front page).Conclusion In the light of the above discussion we can hereby culminate that the book under consideration namely Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army was written by Jeremy Scahill. In this book, the autho r puts forward the truth about Blackwater as the rising most powerful mercenary army as well as the way by which the Bush administration hired it secretly and the problems that it poses. Works Cited Scahill, J. Blackwater: The Rise of the World's Most Powerful Mercenary Army. United States of America. Nation Books. ISBN-10: 1560259795. Pg 1, front cover

Rhetorical Analysis Of George Orwell s Shooting An...

Rhetorical Analysis of George Orwell’s â€Å"Shooting an Elephant† George Orwell, a journalist and an author of 1903 through 1950, is not only the author of â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† but surprisingly, he is also the narrator and the main character. Orwell’s narrative essay of 1936 takes place in squalid, British-occupied Moulmein, lower Burma. To begin, in the opening of his piece, Orwell describes himself as a young, British police officer who, ironically, despises the British imperial project in Burma. Although he secretly sides with the Burmese, he is resentful of the way they torment him. Eventually, a previously chained elephant is introduced to the essay. It is when this elephant escapes that it begins ravaging Moulmein. After concluding†¦show more content†¦Additionally, since the elephant itself represents a significant motif, as well as the shooting of the elephant being the climax, the elephant perhaps contains some of the most essential examples of visual imagery in the essay. F or instance, after Orwell shoots the elephant for the third time, he describes its effect in considerable detail. But in falling he seemed for a moment to rise, for as his hind legs collapsed beneath him he seemed to tower upwards like a huge rock toppling, his trunk reaching skyward like a tree (par. 11). Within this quotation, the audience witnesses an impressive creature being sacrificed for the sake of imperial pride through descriptive phrases such as, â€Å"†¦tower upwards like a huge rock toppling†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and â€Å"†¦his trunk reaching skyward like a tree.† In other words, the cruel effects of imperialism that Orwell is attempting to convey come alive in the moments of the elephant’s gruesome death. In brief, Orwell’s intense use of vivid imagery allow for crucial mental images to develop in his audience’s mind, therefore, effectively conveying his message. Even before finishing the first paragraph of â€Å"Shooting an Elephant,† one can clearly recognize Orwell’s inclusion of first-person point of view. Furthermore, since Orwell’s essay is written in first-person point of view,Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Imperialism In George Orwells Shooting An Elephant1633 Words   |  7 Pages  Ã‚  Ã‚   In Shooting an Elephant, George Orwell uses his experiences as a European police officer in Burma during early 20th century imperialism in order to convey that imperialism destroyed both the native and the white man’s freedom. When Orwell is reluctant to shoot the elephant, he states â€Å"I perceive in this moment that when the white man turns tyrant it is his own freedom that he destroys.† He appeals to the audience’s emotion by stating this, making it clear that he feels more pressured by the native